Review Sheet

 

Chapter 1

  1. The diversity of Life
  2. Properties of Life (short answer)
  3. Organization of Life
  4. Biological Themes
  5. Nature of Science
  6. Stages of Scientific Investigation (short answer)
  7. Theory and Certainty
  8. Limitations of Science

Chapter 2

  1. Darwin and HMS Beagle
  2. Theory of Natural Selection (short answer)
  3. Darwin’s Finches and their beaks
  4. Clusters of Species
  5. Ecology and Ecosystems
  6. Major Biomes of North America

Chapter 3

  1. Atoms
  2. Atomic Structure and subatomic particles
  3. Ions and Isotopes
  4. Molecules
  5. Chemical Bonds-Ionic, Covalent, Hydrogen (short answer)
  6. Water and Hydrogen Bonding
  7. Polarity and Water properties (short answer)
  8. Acids, Bases, Salts
  9. pH and Buffers
  10. Macromolecules
  11. Carbohydrates-chemistry, recognition of structure, types, functions (short answer)
  12. Lipids-chemistry, recognition of structure, types, functions (short answer)
  13. Proteins-chemistry, recognition of structure, types, functions (short answer)
  14. Nucleic Acids-chemistry, recognition of structure, functions (short answer)

Chapter 4

1.     Cells and Cell Theory

2.     Plasma Membrane structure and Chemistry

3.     Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

4.     Cellular Organelles and Functions

5.     Differences between Plant Cell and Animal Cell (short answer)

6.     Transport Processes across the Cell

7.     Passive Transport mechanisms: Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion and Osmosis (short answer)

8.     Active Transport mechanisms: Active transport, Bulk Passage (short answer)

Chapter 5

  1. Laws of Thermodynamics
  2. Chemical reactions
  3. Enzymes-characteristics, activity, factors affecting enzyme activity (short answer)
  4. How cells use energy and ATP (short answer)
  5. Photosynthesis: study handout and chem. Ex. Book
  6. Cellular Respiration: study handout and Chem. Ex. Book

Chapter 6

  1. Chromosomal structural organization
  2. Cell division and mitosis
  3. Control of cell cycle
  4. Cancer and cell cycle
  5. Meiosis and the stages of meiosis
  6. Comparison of mitosis and meiosis (short answer)

Chapter 7

  1. Mendel and his experiments
  2. Mendel’s laws (short answer)
  3. Monohybrid and Dihybrid crosses
  4. Use of Punnett square to work on Genetics Problems
  5. Exceptions to Mendelian genetics: epistasis, pleiotropy, multiple alleles
  6. Nondisjunction in human chromosomes
  7. Human hereditary disorders: hemophilia, sickle cell anemia, and others.

Chapter 8

  1. Genes are made of DNA
  2. From gene to protein: protein synthesis handout and Chem. Ex. book
  3. Exons and Introns
  4. Mutations: kinds of mutation, mutation and cancer

Chapter 9

  1. Use of restriction enzymes
  2. Four stages of a genetic engineering experiment (short answer)
  3. Other genetic techniques: PCR, sequencing, gel electrophoresis
  4. Genetic engineering and medicine: piggyback vaccines
  5. Genetic engineering of plants and farm animals
  6. Cloning (short answer)

Chapter 10

1.     Genomics

2.     The Human Genome Project

3.     What is the Human Genome like-coding DNA and non-coding DNA (short answer)

4.     Variation within the Genome

5.     Gene Microarrays

6.     Functional Genomics

7.     Proteomics

Chapter 11

  1. Gene Variation: The raw material of evolution
  2. Pace of evolution
  3. The fossil record
  4. The molecular record
  5. The anatomical record
  6. The species concept
  7. Why do allele frequencies change? (short answer)
  8. Forms of selection (short answer)
  9. Prezygotic and Postzygotic isolating mechanisms (short answer)

Chapter 12

  1. The invention of the Linnaean System
  2. Species names
  3. Higher categories
  4. What is a species
  5. How to build a family tree
  6. Comparison of various kingdoms of life (short answer)
  7. Comparison of Arcahebacteria and Eubacteria (short answer)

Chapter 16

  1. Adapting to terrestrial living
  2. Alternation of Generations (short answer)
  3. Evolution of a vascular system
  4. Nonvascular plants-life cycle of Moss (short answer)
  5. Evolution of vascular tissue
  6. Seedless vascular plants-life cycle of Ferns (short answer)
  7. Gymnosperms-life cycle of Gymnosperms (short answer)
  8. Angiosperms-life cycle of Angiosperms (short answer)
  9. Double fertilization/improving seed dispersal: fruits

Chapter 17

  1. Organization of a Vascular Plant
  2. Plant Tissue types
  3. The plant body-leaves, stems and roots
  4. Water movement: cohesion-adhesion-tension theory
  5. Carbohydrate transport-translocation
  6. Essential plant nutrients

Chapter 18

  1. Angiosperm flower
  2. Angiosperm reproduction
  3. Seeds/fruit
  4. Plants hormones-classification and functions
  5. Photoperiodism and dormancy
  6. Tropisms

Chapter 19    

1.     General features of animals.

2.     Key evolutionary innovations in the animal body. (short answer)

3.     The major animal phyla and their general characteristics.

 Chapter 20

1.     Overview of vertebrate evolution: Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras.

2.     Fishes dominate the sea.

3.     Amphibians invade the land.  Characteristics of amphibians. (short answer)

4.     Reptiles conquer the land.  Characteristics of Reptiles. (short answer)

5.     Birds master the air. Characteristics of Birds.

6.     Mammals adapt to colder climates.  Characteristics of Mammals.

 Chapter 22

1.     The animal body plan:  Radial vs. Bilateral Symmetry, Coelomate vs. acoelomate, protostomes vs. deuterstomes.

2.     Tissues of the vertebrate body

a.      Epithelial tissues: classification and function. (short answer)

b.     Connective tissues: classification and function. (short answer)

c.      Muscle tissue: classification and function.

d.     Nerve tissue: classification and function.

3.     Skeletal system

a.      Types of skeleton.

b.     Vertebrate skeletal system: axial and appendicular skeleton.

c.      Structure of bone.

4.     Muscular system

a.      Organization of skeletal muscle.

b.     Sliding filament model of muscle contraction. ( short answer)

c.      Role of calcium ions in contraction.

Chapter 23

     1.  Circulatory System

a.      Open and Closed circulatory systems.

b.     Lymphatic system: components and function.

c.      Blood: components and function. (short answer)

d.     Describe fish, amphibian and reptile circulation.

e.      Mammalian and bird circulation: structure of heart, trace a drop of blood from the heart and back to the heart, contraction of the heart. (short answer)

f.       Monitoring the heart’s performance using an ECG and cardiovascular diseases.

2.  Respiratory System

a.      Types of respiratory systems.

b.     Respiration in aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates.

c.      Mammalian respiratory system: organs, mechanics of breathing.

d.     How respiration works: Gas exchange, O2 transport, CO2 transport. (short answer).

e.      Smoking and lung cancer.

Chapter 24

  • Essential substances for growth
  • Types of digestive systems
  • Vertebrate digestive systems
  • 0rgans of the digestive systems and their functions (short answer)
  • Variations in vertebrate digestive systems
  • Homeostasis: regulating temp., control of blood glucose levels.
  • Osmoregulatory organs: protonephridia, nephridia, malphigian tubules
  • Mammalian urinary system
  • Formation of urine within the mammalian kidney (short answer)

Chapter 25

  • Skin: the first line of defense
  • Cellular counterattack: second line of defense (short answer)
  • Evolution of the immune system
  • Initiating the immune response
  • T cells: the cellular response
  • B cells: the humoral response
  • Vaccination
  • Auto-immune disorders (short answer)
  • AIDS

Chapter 26

  • Evolution of the animal nervous system
  • Neurons and how they function, nerve impulse (short answer)
  • The synapse, neuromodulators, drug addiction
  • Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord
  • Peripheral nervous system: somatic and autonomic nervous system
  • Senses-olfaction, gustation, hearing and equilibrium, vision. (short answer)

Chapter 27

  • Hormones and hormonal communication (short answer)
  • How steroid hormones and peptide hormones work (short answer)
  • Major endocrine glands and their location
  • Pituitary: the master gland: hormones and function
  • The pancreas: hormones and function
  • Thyroid and parathyroid: hormones and function
  • Adrenal glands: hormones and function
  • Other hormones and their functions

Chapter 28

  • Vertebrate reproduction: asexual and sexual
  • Sex determination
  • Evolution of reproduction among vertebrates: external vs. internal fertilization, oviparity, ovoviviparity, viviparity. (short answer)
  • Human reproductive systems: male and female
  • Female reproductive cycle (short answer)
  • Embryonic development: stages of vertebrate development (short answer)
  • Fetal development
  • Birth control